Literacy Now

Teaching Tips
ILA Membership
ILA Next
ILA Journals
ILA Membership
ILA Next
ILA Journals
    • ~13 years old (Grade 8)
    • ~14 years old (Grade 9)
    • Writing
    • ~12 years old (Grade 7)
    • ~11 years old (Grade 6)
    • Reading
    • ~10 years old (Grade 5)
    • Blog Posts
    • Teaching Tips

    Teaching Tips: Grammar Games to Deliver Fun and Confidence

    by Mary Cotillo
     | Jan 17, 2012
    ThinkstockPhotos-179222616_300pxFor most of my early adolescent students, writing is a four letter word. It’s something they dislike and look forward to with the enthusiasm I reserve for root canals and tax season. Ask them to write an essay and you might as well be asking for them to voluntarily abstain from their Xbox for a whole weekend. For most of them, anxiety arises from a basic lack of confidence; they don’t understand how to craft complete, never mind interesting, sentences. Sure, a teacher could correct this issue with a few days of basic grammar review, but the challenge is taking such a dry topic and making it interesting enough for the student to bother to learn it. Toward this end I’d like to share two mini-lessons with which I’ve had success.

    Sentence unscrambling

    English teachers know the difference between phrases and clauses; we can even tell you the difference between a subordinating and coordinating conjunction. But can our students? And, more importantly, do they need to? Do they need to know the names, or is it enough simply to understand how these elements function within effective sentences? For those who believe use is more important than labeling, this mini-lesson is for you.

    Survey the texts you plan to teach but have not yet read, and choose three or four impressive sentences. The examples in this mini-lesson come from “The Landlady” by Roald Dahl. After all, she was not only harmless—there was no question about that—but she was also, quite obviously, a kind and generous soul. Now break that sentence into pieces. If you plan to continue instruction into phrases and clauses, you can break the sentence into phrases and clauses. Keep punctuation and capitalization. Mix up the order of the pieces and present them in list form.

    there was no question about that–
    a kind and generous soul.
    but she was also
    she was not only harmless–
    quite obviously
    After all,

    Students should be tasked with then “unscrambling” the sentence and attempting to re-construct the original. Because the students haven’t read the story, they have to pay attention to the way parts of sentences fit together to complete the job. I usually allow students to work on the first sentence in small groups. After a few minutes of struggle, discuss with the whole class which pieces go in which order, and how they knew. Then give them a more challenging sentence. Lather, rinse, repeat.

    This example is what I call “intermediate.” It’s great because it provides an opportunity to discuss how to use semicolons.

    to stay in.
    in a place like this,
    Animals were usually a good sign
    a pretty decent house
    and all in all,
    Billy told himself;
    it looked to him
    as though it would be

    Animals were usually a good sign in a place like this, Billy told himself; and all in all, it looked to him as though it would be a pretty decent house to stay in.

    This example is definitely a challenge!

    forcing him to stay where he was
    compelling him,
    staring at him through the glass,
    Each word was like a large black eye
    and the next thing he knew,
    and reaching for the bell.
    holding him
    to the front door of the house,
    he was actually moving
    across from the window
    climbing the steps that led up to it,
    and not to walk away from that house,

    Each word was like a large black eye staring at him through the glass, holding him, compelling him, forcing him to stay where he was and not to walk away from that house, and the next thing he knew, he was actually moving across from the window to the front door of the house, climbing the steps that led up to it, and reaching for the bell.

    The next step is writing. Students should write a sentence of their own that is modeled after the newly unscrambled sentence. Where the original sentence includes a prepositional phrase, students should write a prepositional phrase, a gerund for a gerund, etc. Whether they know the name “prepositional phrase” is irrelevant; they will construct their own meaning by thinking about how the pieces function as a part of the whole. They can write about whatever they like—the sky’s the limit.

    (Modeled after the “Animals are usually a good sign” sentence above.)

    A sense of humor is a good quality in a girl, Billy told himself, and truth be told, it looked to him as though she would be a pretty enjoyable date to the dance.

    Taking this writing step provides your students with the opportunity to compose interesting, complex sentences, and it will provide you with a foundation for the rest of your writing instruction. Share sentences aloud; post the most original and creative. Reference them often during future lessons. Having successfully created two or three well-crafted sentences, students will be more confident during later writing assignments.

    Manipulatives

    For those of you who believe it is important for students to be able to identify sentence parts by name, this strategy will help. Our math teacher colleagues have closets full of dice and plastic teddy bears and tiny cubes, but when is the last time you used a manipulative in a lesson? So many of my students struggle to understand the structure of different types of sentences, so I’ve made manipulatives to make the ideas a little more concrete.

    Before students can use manipulatives, you need to establish a common vocabulary. I focus my instruction on simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, so I teach the following vocabulary: subject, verb, independent clause, subordinate clause, subordinating conjunction, coordinating conjunction. Just simple definitions and examples are all I’ve found necessary for pre-teaching.

    Then I give each student an envelope containing the following:

    three slips of paper saying “subject”, three saying “verb,”
    two slips with the words “coordinating conjunction,”
    one slip with the words “subordinating conjunction,” and
    two slips labeled “comma.”

    I'll then ask the students to arrange the slips of paper in the correct order for a simple sentence. They should be able to come up with:

    Subject Verb


    Then I ask them to make me a compound sentence. I'm looking for:

    Subject Verb Comma Coordinating Conjunction Subject Verb


    If I ask for a complex sentence, I'll dictate whether or not I want a comma in the sentence. I'm looking for either this (with a comma):

    Subordinating Conjunction Subject Verb Comma Subject Verb


    Or this (without a comma):

    Subject Verb Subordinating Conjunction Subject Verb


    Eventually we work our way up to compound-complex:

    Sub. Conj. Subject Verb Comma Subject Verb Comma Coord. Conj. Subject Verb


    Once they get the gist, I start timing them. They get to the point where they can put the pieces in the right order in a matter of seconds.

    Once they reach a point where they know the components of the sentence, I assign each student a role. Troy might be a coordinating conjunction and Marissa might be a verb. Then I shout out types of sentences and they have to match up with the appropriate peers to create that sentence. It’s chaotic, for sure. But dull? No way!

    Of course, this cannot be the end of the instruction. Now we must put actual words to the names of the sentence parts. This can also be fun and silly. I like to let the students keep the manipulatives on their desks when first adding words. They can lay out the sentence in front of them and add words one by one until they arrive at the end product. Then, when they feel comfortable, I assign each student a word. Now Troy might be “yet” and Marissa might be “sing.” Call out types of sentences and have students meet up with peers to compose sentences. Sometimes the sentences work; sometimes they don’t, but the ones that don’t work make wonderful opportunities for editing.

    The Payoff

    Both the sentence unscrambling and manipulative strategies have game-like qualities to them, so students will learn without realizing they’re learning. After they have written long, intricate sentences using the sentence unscrambling model, and they can name the parts of and types of sentences after using the manipulatives, their confidence will be much improved. Sure, they’re not going to turn cartwheels when you assign an essay, but they’ll have the tools necessary to tackle the job with the self-assurance that heralds success.

    Mary Cotillo is an 8th grade ELA teacher at Horace Mann Middle School in Franklin, MA. Mother to two children, she enjoys engaging in light saber battles and hanging out on soccer fields. She earned her National Board Certification in 2009.
    Read More
    • Blog Posts
    • Teaching Tips

    TILE-SIG Feature: Making the Professional Development Shift

     | Jan 13, 2012

    Creating “Our Space” and Putting Technology into “Their Hands”

    by Terry S. Atkinson

    During the past year, several colleagues and I have spent time in elementary, middle, and high school classrooms observing teachers identified by principals as “exemplary” for their effectiveness with technology integration. Routinely, we have observed little of what the NETS-T and NETS-S standards suggest in terms of facilitating and inspiring student learning and creativity through the modeling of collaborative knowledge construction. In defense of teachers who are striving to integrate tech tools into their current teaching as best they can, most teach the way they were taught, dispensing knowledge while seeking to meet an array of testing and accountability mandates. Based on our observations, there is a serious lack of focused professional development (PD) fostering shifts from the lecture-laden model of “what has been” to “what might be.” This means that technology typically resides in the hands of teachers, rather than students. So what might a transformative PD model involve?

    Jill Castek, post doc scholar at Berkeley, is currently involved in a university team/school partnership team piloting the use of iPads in Middle School science classrooms to examine the potentials and possibilities for teaching disciplinary literacy. To test ideas, she and project colleagues co-teach lessons involving a range of iPad apps. A member of the university team designs an iPad delivered lesson and implements instruction together with the teacher. Over the course of two to three days, the teachers become more comfortable/confident and gradually take on more responsibility for the teaching. Early pilot findings report that the most effective lessons involved the students actively engaged with the iPads (as opposed to demonstration by the teacher and target/limited use of the digital device).

    Based on this pilot project’s example and the standards set forth in NETS-T, NETS-S, and NETS-A for administrators, adhering to several key professional development guidelines has the potential to foster huge shifts in literacy learning through technology. First, PD opportunities modeling collaborative student/teacher knowledge construction can morph classrooms formerly defined by teachers as “my space,” into “our space.” Additionally, aligned commitment to putting technology into the hands of students is key if we ultimately hope to transform classrooms into hotbeds leading to collaborative innovation, creativity, and leaps in both student achievement and teacher growth (for more about the “my space”/”our space” dichotomy, read Jill McClay and Margaret Mackey’s Chapter 9 in Assessing New Literacies).

    Terry S. Atkinson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.

    This article is part of a series from the Technology in Literacy Education Special Interest Group (TILE-SIG)

     

     


    Read More
    • Blog Posts
    • Teaching Tips

    Reviews of Winter Books for Children

     | Jan 11, 2012

    As if bibliophiles need any reasons beyond the sheer pleasure of reading, the long, cold months of a harsh winter offer good excuses for curling up with a good book and experiencing that iciness and winter’s bluster vicariously. In this column, members of the International Reading Association's Children’s Literature and Reading Special Interest Group take a look at books in which the winter season plays an important role.

    Grades K-3

    Brennan-Nelson, Denise. (2011). Willow and the snow day dance. Illus. by Cyd Moore.
    Ann Arbor, MI: Sleeping Bear Press.

    Willow and the Snow Day Dance book cover imageWillow and her family have moved into a new neighborhood in this second installment of the Willow series. Across the street lives snarly Mr. Larch who does not appear to want to make friends or neighbors. Undaunted, Willow plants a beautiful garden, shares the harvest with neighbors, and when winter arrives, starts a charity drive for mittens and hats for the needy. However, Willow is disappointed that there has been no snow so far, something she has been eagerly awaiting so that she will have a good sledding day. As Willow continues to wait for snowflakes, a strange “message” arrives with instructions for a snow day dance. Willow shares the instructions for the dance with her family and neighbors; they include strange directions such as wearing your pajamas backwards and romping on the bed! Since even Mr. Larch is wearing a smile, did he have something to do with the snow that appears the next day? Teachers will love the warmth and generosity of the lively community-spirited Willow. Willow has a website and a FaceBook page, and they can be accessed at http://willowlovesart.com/willow/ and http://www.facebook.com/pages/Willow-and-the-Snow-Day-Dance/174948975877042.
    - Karen Hildebrand, Ohio Library and Reading Consultant

    Casanova, Kate. (2011). Utterly otterly night. Illus. by Ard Hoyt. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Utterly Otterly Night book cover imageBeneath a blanket of snow, the otters are restless in their burrow, and they set out on an expedition above ground. Although it’s a cold winter night, Little Otter and his family frolic in the snow and icy water. But amid all their fun, they must still be cautious and watch for signs of danger from other animals.  When Little Otter spots five wolves, he tries to warn the family, and then lead the hungry predators away from the other unsuspecting otters. Using a combination of luck and the skills he honed through play, he zigs and zags across the snow, managing to escape from the wolves. The story contains several wonderful phrases that capture all the icy action such as "utterly, otterly way," "whooshily, shooshily way," "chompity, whompity, stomp," and "quakingly, shakingly way," (all unpaginated). The pen and ink illustrations are especially effective in highlighting the swift but playful movements of the otters and the other wildlife foraging in the snow.
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

    Helquist, Brett. (2011). Bedtime for Bear. New York: Harper.

    Bedtime for Bear book cover imageAlthough stories of bears getting ready for their long winter’s nap abound, this one is a welcome addition to that collection, deservedly having received starred reviews from School Library Journal and Publisher’s Weekly. In this story, Helquist has created a visually active romp for Bear, giving him one last playtime before he hibernates for the winter. His rascally raccoon friends pester sleepy Bear until he finally comes outside for a very fun afternoon complete with snowballs, sleds and winter fun. Exhausted from all the activity by the end of the day, his friends retreat to their own beds to sleep, finally allowing Bear to begin his winter slumber. The illustrations are vibrant, and the story panels direct the story from text to speech bubbles. Young children will enjoy Bear’s repeated phrase: “It’s bedtime for bears.” Let children enjoy a coloring page from the book:
    http://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/harperchildrensImages/Printable/bedtimeforbeardl.pdf
    - Karen Hildebrand, Ohio Library and Reading Consultant

    Messner, Kate. (2011). Over and under the snow. Illus. by Christopher Silas Neal. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.

    Over and Under the Snow book cover imageOn a winter’s day spent skiing through the woods, a father uses the opportunity to teach his offspring about what lies beneath the snowy mantle that covers the ground. Although the blanket of snow hushes much of the world, she notices a quickly moving squirrel, the patterns of a deer’s tracks, and the patience of a fox listening for clues as to where his next meal might be hiding beneath the snow. Underneath that quiet coverlet, there are all sorts of living things, including shrews, voles, bullfrogs, a black bear, and even a queen bee, using the snow as protection from the cold or waiting out the winter beneath it. The author’s choice of words to describe the animals and their snowy setting is inspired, and may make some folks long to leave their warm houses for a wintry expedition. The final page with the youngster curled up in bed after an active day shows that humans and animals have more in common since she looks as though she’s nestled beneath a covering of her own. The mixed media illustrations are impressively detailed, showing the secret worlds that lie beneath the snow. Back matter includes an author's note that provides more information on the animals in the book and their habitat as well as suggested additional reading. This picture book reveals vividly what can be learned by slowing down, being mindful, and looking beyond oneself. Although many animals seem to disappear during the winter, many of them lead active lives under the snow, as this book clearly reminds readers. 
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

    Soltis, Sue. (2011). Nothing like a puffin. Illus. by Bob Kolar. Somerville, MA: Candlewick.

    Nothing Like a Puffin book cover imageThis bold colorful picture book begins with a hook that draws readers right in: “Look, a puffin! What a marvelous creature, one of a kind and amazing. Indeed, there is nothing like a puffin” (unpaginated). A little girl then compares the puffin to various inanimate objects such as a ladder, a house and a newspaper. These objects are “nothing like a puffin” (unpaginated). But upon further consideration, the girl then realizes that a newspaper actually is like a puffin because both of them are black and white. The story continues as the girl compares blue jeans, goldfish, shovels, snakes and helicopters with the puffin—revealing that they are “nothing like a puffin” (unpaginated). Through the simple text, readers will continue to learn even more about this cold weather bird, including what puffins look like and what they are able to do. In conclusion, the girl compares a puffin with a penguin and finds some similarities and some differences. This wintery tale could be used to teach comparison and how important it is to wait before making assumptions. After all, something that seems on the surface to be nothing whatsoever like a puffin just might have more in common with the creature than it seems upon first glance.
    - Deanna Day, Washington State University Vancouver

    Van Dusen, Chris. (2010). Learning to ski with Mr. Magee. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle.

    Learning to Ski with Mr. Magee book cover imageOne winter morning Mr. Magee and his little dog Dee wake to fresh snow and a beautiful sky. They decide, “It’s time to give skiing a try!” (unpaginated). They travel to a little hill where they can practice, and later they plan to head for the mountain. Both dog and master think skiing will be easy as they teeter-totter downhill. Completely written in rhyme, this adventure quickly moves from wintery fun to icy conditions. The comic-like, gouache illustrations depict a curious moose in search of succulent sticks. Although the moose notices Mr. Magee barreling down the hill, it stands frozen in fear. As a novice skier, Mr. Magee doesn’t know how to steer so he slides under the moose, flips in the air and is tossed across a snowy ravine. How will Mr. Magee and Dee find their way out of this icy predicament? In the end, Mr. Magee realizes, “I might need a [skiing] lesson or two” (unpaginated). Children will love this playful book celebrating the wonders of winter and the other two titles in the series: Down to the Sea with Mr. Magee (2000) and A Camping Spree with Mr. Magee (2003), both featuring warmer parts of the year.
    - Deanna Day, Washington State University Vancouver

    Wilson, Karma. (2011). Mama, why? Illus. by Simon Mendez. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Mama, Why? book cover imageSince they are naturally curious, most young children ask multiple questions throughout the day. In this picture book Polar Cub has many queries for his mama as he gets ready for bed. He wonders why the moon sails high in the arctic sky, why the moon dreams and why the moon tells stories from the stars. Each time Polar Cub asks, “Mama, why?” (unpaginated), Mama answers in a lyrical way, “Moon is friends with the stars that glow, and the stars tell Moon the tales they know” (unpaginated). The mixed media illustrations show a snowy landscape with Mama Bear and Polar Cub snuggled together. Readers will eventually learn that “stars don’t sleep like you or me. Instead they travel the galaxy. They sometimes sprinkle dust as they go—and stardust, my dear, is what we call snow” (unpaginated). This wonderful lullaby will remind parents and teachers that the questions of little ones are important and valuable, and that we must take time to listen and help them find answers to what they want to know, even when the questions are repetitive or hard to answer.
    - Deanna Day, Washington State University Vancouver

    Grades 4-5

    McDonough, Yona Zeldis. (2011). The cats in the doll shop. Illus. by Heather Maione. New York: Viking.

    The Cats in the Doll Shop book cover imageEleven-year-old Anna Breittelmann would love to be an author someday. Certainly, she is clever, creative, and has a big heart. The observant girl follows the misadventures of a pregnant cat she names Ginger Cat and her kitten Plucky and worries about their ability to survive in New York’s chilly winter which is quickly approaching. When she and her two sisters learn that Tania, their Russian cousin, will live with the family while her mother works in Europe during WWI, Anna decides to create a doll just for Tania in order for her to feel at home. Since her father runs a doll shop to repair and make dolls, the materials she needs are readily available. When Tania arrives after her trying ocean voyage, she is understandably introverted and hoards her food. She can barely speak English, and two of the cousins ignore her. Anna, however, recognizes that her cousin has artistic talent and loves animals, and concern for Ginger Cat helps thaw her frozen heart. The descriptions of Tania's painful attempts at communicating while Sophie, the oldest sister, expects her to master English immediately are vivid and heart-rending as is the story surrounding the outdoor cats, Ginger Cat and Plucky. Readers will be horrified at the carelessness and cruelty with which Anna's neighbor treats the felines who are desperately trying to get through a harsh winter. This is a beautifully told story about a girl concerned about others as well as a gentle reminder to share what we have with others, especially during the coldest months of the year. The story and illustrations may be sentimental and evoke another time period, but the sentiments that prompt Anna’s generosity should never go out of style.
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

    Ursu, Anne. (2011). Breadcrumbs. Illus. by Erin McGuire. New York: Walden Pond Press/HarperCollins.

    Breadcrumbs book cover imageThe timelessness of the themes of loyalty and friendship explored in this book make it a treasure. The skill with which the story unfolds and the lovely language used in telling the story will prompt willing rereads. Best friends Hazel and Jack encounter peer pressure from classmates who consider it unlikely for a boy and a girl to be friends instead of going out or going together once they reach a certain age. To Hazel’s dismay, Jack seems to be growing distant, possibly bowing to peer pressure. Still, she loves her friend, and when he goes missing, she sets off into the woods to find him. It seems that Jack has followed the Snow Queen who has frozen his heart and left him almost beyond saving. As Hazel risks everything to rescue her friend, she encounters all sorts of creatures often found in fairy tales, including a woodcutter, the three fate sisters, a flower garden whose blossoms were once girls, a little match girl, a magical object, and roving packs of wolves. If the story is engaging--and it is--the language used throughout the story is evocative and powerful, lending an almost mesmerizing quality to the tale. The author makes readers experience vicariously the exquisite coldness that Hazel endures on her journey as well as the icy indifference that has permeated the heart of the Snow Queen and numbed Jack’s as well. When Jack finally returns home, it's clear that things at home will still be difficult. While his mother remains profoundly depressed, at least one boy has found his way out of the wintery woods, thanks to a loyal and determined friend.
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

    Grades 6-8

    Duble,  Kathleen Benner. (2011). Phantoms in the snow. New York: Scholastic.

    Phantoms in the Snow book cover imageNoah Garrett’s parents have just died of smallpox in 1944 Texas, leaving him an orphan. Noah is sent to live with his closest living relative, an uncle in Colorado that he has never met. When Noah arrives at Camp Hale, he learns that his uncle is in the military in an elite fighting ski patrol unit readying for combat in Europe. Raised a pacifist, Noah finds this to be an especially difficult transition. However, as World War II rages, Noah learns about the necessity for this unique army unit and eventually becomes part of the team of “snow phantoms” who comprise the Tenth Military Mountain Division that are preparing for combat. The author interviewed survivor phantoms for this story, which is based on historical events. Readers may enjoy visiting the author’s website and link to an exciting book trailer at  http://www.kathleenduble.com/
    - Karen Hildebrand, Ohio Library and Reading Consultant

    Lourie, Peter. (2012). The polar bear scientists. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Books for Children.

    The Polar Bear Scientists book cover imageAnother worthy entry in the informative Scientists in the Field series which examines the work of scientists in various locales, the focus in this case happens to be an area that has received quite a lot of attention recently--the plight of polar bears in the Arctic. Once the mother bears emerge from their dens with their cubs in the spring, the United States Geological Survey Team emerges from its home base to locate polar bears by helicopter. After tranquilizing, capturing, and then releasing them once samples have been taken, the scientists use the data they collect as a way to count a population that is hard to count and assess the condition of the bears. Concerned about the effects of global warming and climate change on the bears, the scientists use radio collars to track the movement of the bears. As is the norm in this engaging series, the book's pages are filled with photos of the enormous polar bears and the scientists at work as well as chockfull of details about their painstaking attention to the data they collect. Even a costly lost radio collar can't be left behind, and the scientists must make every effort to find out whether the collar has been removed by a polar bear or if the bear itself has died. The author includes interviews with scientists who remind readers that there is still time to save the polar bear's habitat--if we act quickly and reduce our carbon footprints.
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

    Grades 9-12

    Hirsch, Jeff. (2011). The eleventh plague. New York: Scholastic.

    The Eleventh Plague book cover imageTwenty years have passed since civilization as we know it ended. Prompted by escalating conflicts between the United State and China, the Collapse occurred when a deadly strain of influenza kills much of the population. Cities fell, and the infrastructure that maintained the government has fallen apart as the survivors focus on simply finding food. Stephen Quinn, 15, was born after the Collapse, and the only life he has ever known is that of a salvager, searching for anything to trade for food. When Stephen’s father falls into a coma after an encounter with slavers, he stumbles upon Settler’s Landing, a community that is so self-sustaining they even have a school. Since winter is already chilling his bones, Stephen stays in the area while his father heals in order to read books, his secret passion, and to be with Jenny, a local girl who refuses to settle for the status quo. But even this place is not a sanctuary, and a prank causes more problems than Stephen could ever have imagined. Especially frightening is the realization that when citizens of the town are banished with few supplies, they will have little chance to survive the harsh winter that lies outside its borders.
    - Barbara A. Ward, Washington State University Pullman

     


    Read More
    • Blog Posts
    • Teaching Tips

    Raising Readers YouTube Video Series for Parents

     | Jan 11, 2012

    by Laurie Elish-Piper

    “Daniel is having a hard time with reading, how can I help him?” asked Betsy, his mother.

    Tilly reported, “Shanika’s teacher said I need to read with her at home, but I don’t know how I am supposed to do that.”

    Jonathan, father of Emily, an eighth-grade student, explained, “She hates to read. She’s in middle school so I worry it’s too late. Is there anything I can do?”

    Raising Readers imageI am often asked these types of questions in my role as a university Literacy Clinic Director. Because we work with K-12 students who struggle with reading and writing, the parents we encounter are often worried and frustrated about what they can do to help their children grow as readers and writers.

    In response to the many questions posed by parents about how they can support their children’s reading and writing development, the Northern Illinois University Literacy Clinic has created a series of free YouTube videos to share with parents. The “Raising Readers” video series is currently available in English and offers simple research-based strategies that parents can use to support their children’s reading and writing development at home. 

    The “Raising Readers” series contains 12 videos focused on these topics:
    • Building the Reading Habit
    • Promoting a Love of Reading (Grades K-5)
    • Promoting a Love of Reading (Grades 6-12)
    • Phonemic Awareness
    • Phonics 
    • Fluency 
    • Vocabulary 
    • Comprehension Strategies 
    • Comprehension of Fiction
    • Comprehension of Informational Texts 
    • Writing (Grades K-2) 
    • Helping Your Child with Writing (Grades 3-5) 

    The videos in the “Raising Readers” series are short (two to four minutes each), easy to understand, and demonstrated with real families. They can be shared directly with parents at conferences, at open houses, on school district websites, and by sharing the YouTube Channel address in newsletters and other school publications. The videos are all available on the Northern Illinois University Literacy Clinic YouTube Channel.

    During 2012 the NIU Literacy Clinic will be developing a video series, “Criando Lectores,” for Spanish-speaking parents.

    For more information about the NIU Literacy Clinic and the “Raising Readers” series, including free informational handouts for parents in both English and Spanish, please visit the website at http://www.cedu.niu.edu/ltcy/literacyclinic/.

    Laurie Elish-Piper, Ph.D. is Interim Department Chair, Presidential Teaching Professor, and Literacy Clinic Director in the Department of Literacy Education at Northern Illinois University, laurieep@niu.edu.

     


    Read More
  • Daily we are confronted by real-world questions that require an understanding of science concepts in order to be able to function intelligently. Consider these: How should you vote on the “toilet to tap” initiative? How can we avoid a world-wide water crisis? How is our health affected by sodium and saturated fats? How does your favorite song on your iPod affect your brain and your emotions?
    • Blog Posts
    • Teaching Tips

    Teaching Tips: Language Frames Support Literacy in Science

    by Kelly Johnson, Diane Lapp and Maria Grant
     | Jan 10, 2012


    Daily we are confronted by real-world questions that require an understanding of science concepts in order to be able to function intelligently. Consider these:
    • How should you vote on the “toilet to tap” initiative?
    • How can we avoid a world-wide water crisis?
    • How is our health affected by sodium and saturated fats?
    • How does your favorite song on your iPod affect your brain and your emotions?
    Did any of these questions initially stump you? Even if they did, we’re sure that you know how to dig a little deeper into a myriad of resources in order to be able to find answers. This process of digging deeper is analogous to what scientists do when they are investigating a problem. In fact observing, questioning, and experimenting are foundational skills for science investigation at any grade or throughout life.

    To the surprise of some, the road to acquiring proficiency in terms of science and engineering practices does not end with these investigational processes. On the contrary, they are the starting points for science as noted in the National Research Council’s (NRC) recently released science framework document.

    Investigation or inquiry, the umbrella concept under which these skills fall, should be coupled with the practice of evaluation that includes analyses of any identified or collected data. What results is the development and sharing of theories, models, explanations, and solutions. These practices used by scientists and engineers provide the instructional framework for teachers seeking to foster critical and creative scientific thinking within their students. The process of investigative inquiry is so important that it has been identified as the seventh anchor standard in the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading:
    Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words. (2010, p.10)
    To address this standard, students must be provided with instruction that teaches them to dig deeply into multiple sources in order to discuss, pose, and answer questions they confront in their school texts and also in their lives outside of the classroom.

    Into the Classroom

    Let’s look at how scientific inquiry might play out in an eighth grade classroom where 80 percent of the students are English learners who, along with the other 20 percent of their peers, are learning the language of science. During a science class they are confronted with the following questions for inquiry:
    • How does resonance created by wind affect a bridge?
    • How does center of gravity affect the balance of a building?
    • What role does material strength play in the stability and strength of a building?
    • Who is responsible for structural failure: architects, engineers, construction workers or those that restrict construction budgets? Others?
    In the same city, in a first grade classroom we might observe the same cultural mix of students who are at various levels of learning English as an additive language, and those who are English speakers. They too could be engaged in scientific inquiry as they consider, chat, and explore textual resources such as FROM SEED TO PLANT (ROOKIE READ-ABOUT SCIENCE) by Allan Fowler (2001) to answer questions such as:
    • What are the parts of a plant?
    • How are seeds transported?
    • What is the difference between fertilization and photosynthesis?
    At first glance, such questions might seem exceptionally challenging for students at any grade; however, with instruction that teaches them how to access, evaluate, and discuss relevant resources, they can effectively master the task of addressing such questions in a scholarly, academic fashion using the science and engineering practices highlighted by A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (Committee on Conceptual Framework for the New K-12 Science Education Standards & National Research Council, 2011).

    Again, consider the real-world questions being posed in each classroom. Are you wondering where the teachers might begin?While the materials would change according to topic and grade level, both teachers would need to provide instruction that supports and also models how to investigate, continually question, evaluate, and eventually report information.

    To understand this process more fully, let’s consider how Marcel and his eighth grade class might be supported in approaching the question, “How does resonance created by wind affect a bridge?” Of course, to begin Marcel would need to garner a significant amount of background knowledge and language.

    Background Knowledge: It All Begins with Talking and Observing

    In order to support both academic and scientific language development, Ms. Saunders began her instruction by inviting students in triads to conduct a gallery walk where they viewed a series of photos illustrating structural failure. Each configuration included one proficient English speaker while the other two had been indentified as having levels of English language proficiency ranging between 1 (beginning) and 5 (advanced) as measured by the California English Language Development Test (CELDT).

    Using the suggestions and lessons shared by Jacobson, Johnson, and Lapp (2011), Ms. Saunders designed instruction to accommodate learning for students who were proficient language learners as well as those exhibiting beginning and intermediate levels of English proficiency while sharing a common experience. In this instance, the photos they were investigating included collapsed bridges, buildings with foundations torn away, leaning structures, and fallen balconies. Many of her photos came from these websites:

    Link to Photos

    http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural

    http://www.sciencefriday.com/blog/2008/05/quakes-collapsed-buildings-forensic-photos/

    Next to each photo she had posted language frames (Figure 1) to help students get their scientific conversations started and developed. These frames had been previously shared and practiced orally and in writing, and were also listed on a classroom chart titled, “Let’s Talk about Science.”



    Students also kept a spiral notebook titled “Language Starters,” which were categorized generally and also by content areas. Because the students were at varying degrees of language proficiency when speaking English as well as when speaking about scientific topics, Ms. Saunders introduced these sentence and paragraph frames to provide the language and informational structures needed to organize and share one’s thinking.

    This activity was not intended to create a sense of shock, but was instead very purposefully designed to foster inquisitiveness and language development; more specifically, it was designed to help students probe and discuss real-world events using a bit of background knowledge spurred by a look at failed man-made structures.

    Ms. Saunders realized the lesson purpose was being achieved as she heard snippets of conversation that reminded her of conversations in which real engineers and scientists might engage while viewing and analyzing similar photos.

    Marcel: “I’d like to know what materials they used for that balcony.”

    Aida: “These structures look similar because of the materials used and the height of each structure.”

    Daniella: “I wonder if too much weight caused the buildings and bridges to fall down.”

    Javier: “Based on this evidence I know that an earthquake caused this.”

    Antonio (a level 1 speaker), smiling and eager to participate, stated, “I agree.”

    Because the students had recently been focusing on the eighth grade science standard, “Identifying two or more forces separately that are acting on a single static object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction” (California Department of Education Science Standards, 2009), they had, with varying degrees of sophistication, the physics concept of forces at the forefront of their thoughts.

    In this example, we focused on Marcel’s teacher, Ms. Saunders. However, if we visited other classrooms, the materials would change but similar investigations could be pursued.

    Keep Conversing but Now Let’s Write and Read About It

    In addition to using language frames to promote conversation while building background knowledge, Ms. Saunders also guided students to turn their talk into writing. Using a Foldable™, which is an interactive graphic organizer similar to those found at www.dinah.com, students wrote and read their sentences and others their triad members said. At the end of this activity, as each triad checked their written notes, they had a list of several sentences that were well constructed, understood and practiced. These were then used as notes to write and read more detailed pieces.

    Language frames or sentence stems used orally and in writing support all students’ attempts to share a structured response that explains, justifies, questions, and claries through complete sentences containing relevant academic and topical information. Language frames enable students to try on the new academic terms and organizational structures of content language while conveying their understanding of the targeted concepts. Students at all levels of language production become contributing, engaged participants.

    References

    Committee on Conceptual Framework for the New K-12 Science Education Standards & National Research Council. (2011). A framework for k-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas (Prepublication copy). Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13165&page=1

    Fowler, A. (2001). From seed to plant (rookie read-about science). Danbury, CT: Children’s Press.

    Jacobson, J., Johnson, K., & Lapp, D. (2011). Effective instruction for English language learners: Supporting text-based comprehension & communication skills. NY: Guilford Press.

    © 2012 Diane Lapp, Maria Grant, and Kelly Johnson. Please do not reproduce in any form, electronic or otherwise.


    Teaching Tips: Going Graphic with Glogs
    Read More
Back to Top

Categories

Recent Posts

Archives